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Hi everyone! Today I want to talk about implementation of Max and Min heap with C#.
The reason why you can need them
Three or four months ago I understood that resolving tasks at hackerrank can make you better programmer and gives basic understanding of efficient algorithms.There are a lot of tasks there should be implemented with heap. But we don't have heap in .net core library.
The copyright symbol, or copyright sign, designated by (a circled capital letter 'C'), is the symbol used in copyright notices for works other than sound recordings. C $69.81 -$0.84 -1.2% Price as of April 22, 2021, 4:00 p.m. ET View Interactive C Charts.
Implementation
There are two common ways for implementing heaps. The first one is using list of nodes, where every node contains two child nodes.Using array is the second one (I preferred this one).
Gayle Laakmann McDowell gives a good explanation about implementation of the data structure.
Min heap
We are using array as a storage for members of the heap. And doing a few calculation after every add/remove from the top. (The implementation is the same as in the video).
Max heap
If you want to create Max heap, you need to change those methods:
P.S.
Solving tasks on hackerrank is fun. And I recommend you to try it.
Conclusion
That's all, thank you for you attention!
The P-38, developed in 1942,[1] is a small can opener that was issued in the canned field rations of the United States Armed Forces from World War II to the 1980s. Originally designed for and distributed in the K-ration, it was later included in the C-ration. As of 2020, it is still in production and sold on a worldwide market.[2]
Design[edit]
C# Minor Triad
The P-38 is known as a 'John Wayne' by the United States Marine Corps, because of its toughness and dependability.[3][unreliable source?][citation needed] The can opener is pocket-sized, approximately 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, and consists of a short metal blade that serves as a handle, with a small, hinged metal tooth that folds out to pierce the can lid.
A notch just under the hinge point keeps the opener hooked around the rim of the can as the device is 'walked' around to cut the lid out. A larger version called the P-51 is somewhat easier to operate. The handle portion can also double as a makeshift flat-blade screwdriver, with limited ability because of the rather soft sheet metal used.
C# Minor Key Signature
Official military designations for the P-38 include 'US ARMY POCKET CAN OPENER' and 'OPENER, CAN, HAND, FOLDING, TYPE I'. As with some other military terms, e.g., 'jeep', the origin of the term is not known with certainty; the P-38 opener coincidentally shares a designation with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane, which could allude to its fast performance, additionally the P-51 can opener also has an aircraft namesake in the North American P-51 Mustang.[1]
One technical explanation for the origin of the name is that the P-38 is approximately 38 millimetres long. This explanation also holds for the P-51, which measures approximately 51 mm (2.0 in) in length. However, use of the metric system in the US was not widespread at this point, and United States Army sources indicate that the origin of the name is rooted in the 38 punctures around the circumference of a C-ration can required for opening.[1]
P-38s are no longer used for individual rations by the United States Armed Forces, as canned C-rations were replaced by MRE rations in the 1980s, packed in plastic pouches. The larger P-51s are included with United States military 'Tray Rations' (canned bulk meals). They are also still seen in disaster recovery efforts and have been handed out alongside canned food by rescue organizations, both in America and abroad in Afghanistan.
The original U.S.-contract P-38 can openers were manufactured by J.W. Speaker Corporation of Germantown, Wisconsin[4] (stamped 'Speaker USA') and by Washburn Corporation (marked 'US Androck'); they were later made by Mallin Shelby Hardware inc (defunct 1973) of Shelby, Ohio and were variously stamped 'US Mallin Shelby O.' or 'U.S. Shelby Co.'
Advantages[edit]
The P-38 is cheaper to manufacture than a standard can opener, and is smaller and lighter to carry. The device can be easily attached to a keychain or dog tag chain using the small punched hole.
Usage[edit]
The P-38 is easily used. First, the cutting point is pivoted to its 95-degree position,[5] from its stowed, folded position. Then, for a right-handed user, the P-38 is held in the right hand by the flat long section, with the cutting point pointing downward and away from the user, while also hooking the edge of the can through the circular notch located on the flat long section next to the cutting edge. The can is held in the left hand, and the right hand is rotated slightly clockwise, causing the can lid to be punctured.
The can is then rotated counter-clockwise in the left hand, while the right hand rotates alternatively slightly counter-clockwise and slightly clockwise, until the can has been rotated nearly 360 degrees and the lid is nearly free. The lid of the now opened can is lifted, most often with the P-38 cutting edge, and the P-38 is wiped clean, and the cutting point is rotated back to its stowed, folded position. The P-38 is then returned to its stored location, whether that is dangling on a dog tag chain around one's neck, or in one's pocket if the P-38 is attached to a key ring.
Left-handed users simply hold the P-38 in their left hand, with the cutting point aimed towards themselves, while holding the can to be opened in their right hand, while also reversing the sense of the cutting hand movements just described. By tradition, 38 cuts as just described were supposedly required to open a can of C-Rations.
A left-handed user is at a slight disadvantage in that the tip of the thumb (instead of the lateral flank of the distal index finger) must apply the combined travel & twist forces. Righties' thumbs take only the twist force.
Similar devices[edit]
C# Math Min
A similar device that incorporates a small spoon at one end and a bottle opener at the other is currently employed by the Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Army in its ration kits. The Field Ration Eating Device is known by the acronym 'FRED'. It is also known widely in its derogative term, the 'Fucking Ridiculous Eating Device'.[6][7]
Another similar device was included with British Army 'Operational Ration Pack, General Purpose' 24-hour ration pack and 'Compo' Composite (14 man) Ration pack rations. At one stage they were manufactured by W.P. Warren Engineering Co. Ltd, Birmingham, England. The instructions printed on the miniature greaseproof paper bag they were supplied in read:
TO OPEN CAN:
Place opener on the can with rim of can inside the slot. Hold between thumb and forefinger and twist forward to puncture. Repeat motion until can is open.
It takes approximately 38 twists to fully open a C-ration can. Their design is similar, but not identical, to the P-38 and P-51 can openers.
The Swedish army also employed a similar variant of this opener. Its official designation is M7481-021000 Konservbrytare Mini which was distributed with the notorious 'Golden Cans' (Swedish field rations were packaged in metallic tins with a golden hue). In 1924, a similar device was featured in Popular Mechanics, with no mention of a military provenance.[8]
An opener similar to the P-38, but with a non-folding blade, was popular in Poland for years. It can still be found in shops as well as the butterfly-type openers.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Design[edit]
C# Minor Triad
The P-38 is known as a 'John Wayne' by the United States Marine Corps, because of its toughness and dependability.[3][unreliable source?][citation needed] The can opener is pocket-sized, approximately 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, and consists of a short metal blade that serves as a handle, with a small, hinged metal tooth that folds out to pierce the can lid.
A notch just under the hinge point keeps the opener hooked around the rim of the can as the device is 'walked' around to cut the lid out. A larger version called the P-51 is somewhat easier to operate. The handle portion can also double as a makeshift flat-blade screwdriver, with limited ability because of the rather soft sheet metal used.
C# Minor Key Signature
Official military designations for the P-38 include 'US ARMY POCKET CAN OPENER' and 'OPENER, CAN, HAND, FOLDING, TYPE I'. As with some other military terms, e.g., 'jeep', the origin of the term is not known with certainty; the P-38 opener coincidentally shares a designation with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter plane, which could allude to its fast performance, additionally the P-51 can opener also has an aircraft namesake in the North American P-51 Mustang.[1]
One technical explanation for the origin of the name is that the P-38 is approximately 38 millimetres long. This explanation also holds for the P-51, which measures approximately 51 mm (2.0 in) in length. However, use of the metric system in the US was not widespread at this point, and United States Army sources indicate that the origin of the name is rooted in the 38 punctures around the circumference of a C-ration can required for opening.[1]
P-38s are no longer used for individual rations by the United States Armed Forces, as canned C-rations were replaced by MRE rations in the 1980s, packed in plastic pouches. The larger P-51s are included with United States military 'Tray Rations' (canned bulk meals). They are also still seen in disaster recovery efforts and have been handed out alongside canned food by rescue organizations, both in America and abroad in Afghanistan.
The original U.S.-contract P-38 can openers were manufactured by J.W. Speaker Corporation of Germantown, Wisconsin[4] (stamped 'Speaker USA') and by Washburn Corporation (marked 'US Androck'); they were later made by Mallin Shelby Hardware inc (defunct 1973) of Shelby, Ohio and were variously stamped 'US Mallin Shelby O.' or 'U.S. Shelby Co.'
Advantages[edit]
The P-38 is cheaper to manufacture than a standard can opener, and is smaller and lighter to carry. The device can be easily attached to a keychain or dog tag chain using the small punched hole.
Usage[edit]
The P-38 is easily used. First, the cutting point is pivoted to its 95-degree position,[5] from its stowed, folded position. Then, for a right-handed user, the P-38 is held in the right hand by the flat long section, with the cutting point pointing downward and away from the user, while also hooking the edge of the can through the circular notch located on the flat long section next to the cutting edge. The can is held in the left hand, and the right hand is rotated slightly clockwise, causing the can lid to be punctured.
The can is then rotated counter-clockwise in the left hand, while the right hand rotates alternatively slightly counter-clockwise and slightly clockwise, until the can has been rotated nearly 360 degrees and the lid is nearly free. The lid of the now opened can is lifted, most often with the P-38 cutting edge, and the P-38 is wiped clean, and the cutting point is rotated back to its stowed, folded position. The P-38 is then returned to its stored location, whether that is dangling on a dog tag chain around one's neck, or in one's pocket if the P-38 is attached to a key ring.
Left-handed users simply hold the P-38 in their left hand, with the cutting point aimed towards themselves, while holding the can to be opened in their right hand, while also reversing the sense of the cutting hand movements just described. By tradition, 38 cuts as just described were supposedly required to open a can of C-Rations.
A left-handed user is at a slight disadvantage in that the tip of the thumb (instead of the lateral flank of the distal index finger) must apply the combined travel & twist forces. Righties' thumbs take only the twist force.
Similar devices[edit]
C# Math Min
A similar device that incorporates a small spoon at one end and a bottle opener at the other is currently employed by the Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Army in its ration kits. The Field Ration Eating Device is known by the acronym 'FRED'. It is also known widely in its derogative term, the 'Fucking Ridiculous Eating Device'.[6][7]
Another similar device was included with British Army 'Operational Ration Pack, General Purpose' 24-hour ration pack and 'Compo' Composite (14 man) Ration pack rations. At one stage they were manufactured by W.P. Warren Engineering Co. Ltd, Birmingham, England. The instructions printed on the miniature greaseproof paper bag they were supplied in read:
TO OPEN CAN:
Place opener on the can with rim of can inside the slot. Hold between thumb and forefinger and twist forward to puncture. Repeat motion until can is open.
It takes approximately 38 twists to fully open a C-ration can. Their design is similar, but not identical, to the P-38 and P-51 can openers.
The Swedish army also employed a similar variant of this opener. Its official designation is M7481-021000 Konservbrytare Mini which was distributed with the notorious 'Golden Cans' (Swedish field rations were packaged in metallic tins with a golden hue). In 1924, a similar device was featured in Popular Mechanics, with no mention of a military provenance.[8]
An opener similar to the P-38, but with a non-folding blade, was popular in Poland for years. It can still be found in shops as well as the butterfly-type openers.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcFoster, Renita (2009-08-11). 'The best Army invention ever'. www.army.mil. US Army. Retrieved 2014-12-19.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Buy P38 or P51 Can Opener at Army Surplus World | Army Surplus World'. www.armysurplusworld.com. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
- ^'P38 Can Opener'. Retrieved 16 June 2015.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Small Wonder'. Milwaukee Magazine. Retrieved 29 November 2016.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS FOR P-38 AND P-51 CAN OPENERS'. www.georgia-outfitters.com.
- ^Hardiman, Graeme. 'The Malayan Emergency. 2RAR 1956/57'. Digger History: an unofficial history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Forces. Retrieved 2007-11-05.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Australian Ration pack Contents'. Ration Pack. Australian Defence News & Opinion. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-11-05.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Women's Workshop'. Popular Mechanics. April 1924. Retrieved 2016-05-26.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
External links[edit]
